Rail Privatisation – Success or Failure?
1 day ago
Saturday 28 November 2009
Tuesday 17 November 2009
UK airlines and funny Belarusian airlines
In this short text i will not show my knowledge in economics but i have to write something...
In 2008 the 1 of January world wide crisis enslaved our economy (basicly economy wich made by USA) A lot of airlines reduce prices for tickets, food served in less quantity, huge number of workers was fired, the nation's major airlines will stop flying more than 350 plane and lay off more than 4,000 employees by the end of 2009. British Airways, which made a loss of £401 million last year and extremely high cost of fuel and low wages influenced for flying amount.In the past few months, all the nation's major airlines have decided not to fly as many planes or employ as many people as they'd like as fuel prices reach unprecedented levels.
About Belarusian airlines this is like the brakes to respond to the crisis. Price for the tickets did not change, food served as usual etc... I think this happened because economists not educational or other factors. But since 8 month tickets fell in 30% and food served in less quantity and workers was fired. It is very strange and i think funny decision to overcome the crisis.
In 2008 the 1 of January world wide crisis enslaved our economy (basicly economy wich made by USA) A lot of airlines reduce prices for tickets, food served in less quantity, huge number of workers was fired, the nation's major airlines will stop flying more than 350 plane and lay off more than 4,000 employees by the end of 2009. British Airways, which made a loss of £401 million last year and extremely high cost of fuel and low wages influenced for flying amount.In the past few months, all the nation's major airlines have decided not to fly as many planes or employ as many people as they'd like as fuel prices reach unprecedented levels.
About Belarusian airlines this is like the brakes to respond to the crisis. Price for the tickets did not change, food served as usual etc... I think this happened because economists not educational or other factors. But since 8 month tickets fell in 30% and food served in less quantity and workers was fired. It is very strange and i think funny decision to overcome the crisis.
Saturday 7 November 2009
Monday 12 October 2009
Just short
*Disposable income - income after taxes
*Real disposable income - income after taxes on income have been deducted
*normal goods - goods for which an increase in income leads to an increase in demand
*inferior goods - goods for which an increase in income leads to a fall in demand
*substitutes - competing goods
*complements - goods for which there is joint demand
*private costs - the costs incurred by those taking a particular action
*private benefits - the benefits directly accruing to those taking a particular action
*external costs - the costs that are the consequence of externalities to third parties
*external benefits - the benefits that accrue as a consequence of externalities to third parties.
*social costs - the total costs of a particular action
*social benefits the total benefits of a particular action
*non-excludability - situation existing where individual consumers cannot be excluded from consumtion
*free rider - someone who directly benefits from the consumption of a public good but who does not contribute towards it's provision
*non-rivalry - situation existing where consumption by one person does not affect the consumption of all others.
*quasi-public goods - goods having some but not all of the characteristic of a public good.
*Real disposable income - income after taxes on income have been deducted
*normal goods - goods for which an increase in income leads to an increase in demand
*inferior goods - goods for which an increase in income leads to a fall in demand
*substitutes - competing goods
*complements - goods for which there is joint demand
*private costs - the costs incurred by those taking a particular action
*private benefits - the benefits directly accruing to those taking a particular action
*external costs - the costs that are the consequence of externalities to third parties
*external benefits - the benefits that accrue as a consequence of externalities to third parties.
*social costs - the total costs of a particular action
*social benefits the total benefits of a particular action
*non-excludability - situation existing where individual consumers cannot be excluded from consumtion
*free rider - someone who directly benefits from the consumption of a public good but who does not contribute towards it's provision
*non-rivalry - situation existing where consumption by one person does not affect the consumption of all others.
*quasi-public goods - goods having some but not all of the characteristic of a public good.
Saturday 10 October 2009
Friday 9 October 2009
Tuesday 6 October 2009
Infltion and Deflation ( i can't copy diagrams because i've mac )
Infation : defined as a general increase in the price level over a period of time. For more tight people, Inflation - when the prices go up.
Cost - push inflation is caused an increase firms costs due to rising input prices ( wages, raw materials, energy, etc..)
Demand - push inflation is caused by a lot of demand chasing too few goods and services.
One clever and educational humen said that : Inflation is one of the "evils" in macroeconomics. In fact, price level stability is one of the three main goals of macroeconimics policy. Inflation's effects iclude
* Loss of purchasing power - all prices rise and no income, in real terms people becoming poorer. "real income" is nominal income minus inflation.
* Loss of savings. Savers are negativly effected to inflation.If you put $1000
in the bank at 5% interest today, but there is inflation of 10% in the next year,
then you will have actually lost 5% of your savings. The real interest rate is the
nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation.
* Higher interest rates for borrowers: In times of high inflation, banks will
raise the interest rates they charge borrowers. A lender charging 4% interest
when there is inflation of 6% will actually be paid back in money worth 6% less
than the money originally lent. To maintain profits, banks must charge a
higher nominal interest rate than the rate of inflation, making it more costly
for firmst and households to borrow financial capital
* Effect on international competitiveness: High inflation at home makes
domestic output less attractive to foreigners, and imports more attractive to
domestic consumers. This could move a country's trade balance towards
deficit.
Deflation
When the prices go down is sound good, people who don't know about deflation become fools!
*Unemployment: Low demand for goods and services means firms must lay off workers.
*Delayed consumption: With the expectation of future price decreases,households will increase savings and decrease spending. This could lead to a deflationary spiral.
*Declining investment: If firms expect less demand for their output in the future, they'll invest less now, which could result in slower economic growth.
*Cost to borrowers: The real debt burden of borrowers increases as the price level falls. Bankruptcies result as borrower's incomes fall while the value of
the money they must pay back increases.
Cost - push inflation is caused an increase firms costs due to rising input prices ( wages, raw materials, energy, etc..)
Demand - push inflation is caused by a lot of demand chasing too few goods and services.
One clever and educational humen said that : Inflation is one of the "evils" in macroeconomics. In fact, price level stability is one of the three main goals of macroeconimics policy. Inflation's effects iclude
* Loss of purchasing power - all prices rise and no income, in real terms people becoming poorer. "real income" is nominal income minus inflation.
* Loss of savings. Savers are negativly effected to inflation.If you put $1000
in the bank at 5% interest today, but there is inflation of 10% in the next year,
then you will have actually lost 5% of your savings. The real interest rate is the
nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation.
* Higher interest rates for borrowers: In times of high inflation, banks will
raise the interest rates they charge borrowers. A lender charging 4% interest
when there is inflation of 6% will actually be paid back in money worth 6% less
than the money originally lent. To maintain profits, banks must charge a
higher nominal interest rate than the rate of inflation, making it more costly
for firmst and households to borrow financial capital
* Effect on international competitiveness: High inflation at home makes
domestic output less attractive to foreigners, and imports more attractive to
domestic consumers. This could move a country's trade balance towards
deficit.
Deflation
When the prices go down is sound good, people who don't know about deflation become fools!
*Unemployment: Low demand for goods and services means firms must lay off workers.
*Delayed consumption: With the expectation of future price decreases,households will increase savings and decrease spending. This could lead to a deflationary spiral.
*Declining investment: If firms expect less demand for their output in the future, they'll invest less now, which could result in slower economic growth.
*Cost to borrowers: The real debt burden of borrowers increases as the price level falls. Bankruptcies result as borrower's incomes fall while the value of
the money they must pay back increases.
Sunday 4 October 2009
"East Asian Tigers"
Intersting to know...
THERE ARE MANY similarities between Hong Kong and Singapore. They have both enjoyed high rates of economic growth over the past three decades, averaging six percent a year in real terms. They have made the transition from poverty to newly industrialized economies in a relatively short time. Both started off as British colonies, with British legal and administrative systems, and made their living as trading ports serving their respective regions. Singapore has been an independent republic since 1965; Hong Kong was returned to China on July 1, 1997. While Hong Kong and Singapore are now the busiest ports in the world in terms of throughput, they have divested from their reliance on trade since the 1960s, climbed the industrial ladder, and are now important international financial centers as well.
"Speculating" or "investing" in a property market in both cities is indeed is the main course of risk-loving locals and foreignes alike. This cities are knowing lke free traders and international fiancial centers with a few restrictions on trade and capital flows, which are many times their GDP.
The economy of Singapure is a highly developed state with mixed economy.While government intervention in the market is kept at a minimum, the state controls and owns firms that comprise at least 60% of the GDP through government entities such as the sovereign wealth fund Temasek. It has an open business environment, relatively corruption-free and transparent, stable prices, and one of the highest per capita gross domestic products in the world. Its innovative yet steadfast form of economics has given it the nickname the Singapore Model. Exports, particularly in electronics and chemicals, and services provide the main source of revenue for the economy, which allows it to purchase natural resources and raw goods which it does not have. Singapore could thus be said to rely on an extended concept of entrepot trade, by purchasing raw goods and refining them for re-export, such as in the wafer fabrication industry and oil refining. Singapore also has a strategic port which makes it more competitive than many of its neighbours to carry out such entrepot activities. The Port of Singapore is the busiest in the world, surpassing Rotterdam and Hong Kong. In addition, Singapore's port infrastructure and skilled workforce, which is due to the success of the country's education policy in producing skilled workers, is also fundamental in this aspect as they provide easier access to markets for both importing and exporting, and also provide the skill(s) needed to refine imports into exports.
Year Total trade Imports Exports % Change
2000 $273 $135 $138 21%
2001 -9.4%
2002 $432 1.5%
2003 $516 $237 $279 9.6%
2004 $629 $293 $336 21.9%
2005 $716 $333 $383 14%
THERE ARE MANY similarities between Hong Kong and Singapore. They have both enjoyed high rates of economic growth over the past three decades, averaging six percent a year in real terms. They have made the transition from poverty to newly industrialized economies in a relatively short time. Both started off as British colonies, with British legal and administrative systems, and made their living as trading ports serving their respective regions. Singapore has been an independent republic since 1965; Hong Kong was returned to China on July 1, 1997. While Hong Kong and Singapore are now the busiest ports in the world in terms of throughput, they have divested from their reliance on trade since the 1960s, climbed the industrial ladder, and are now important international financial centers as well.
"Speculating" or "investing" in a property market in both cities is indeed is the main course of risk-loving locals and foreignes alike. This cities are knowing lke free traders and international fiancial centers with a few restrictions on trade and capital flows, which are many times their GDP.
The economy of Singapure is a highly developed state with mixed economy.While government intervention in the market is kept at a minimum, the state controls and owns firms that comprise at least 60% of the GDP through government entities such as the sovereign wealth fund Temasek. It has an open business environment, relatively corruption-free and transparent, stable prices, and one of the highest per capita gross domestic products in the world. Its innovative yet steadfast form of economics has given it the nickname the Singapore Model. Exports, particularly in electronics and chemicals, and services provide the main source of revenue for the economy, which allows it to purchase natural resources and raw goods which it does not have. Singapore could thus be said to rely on an extended concept of entrepot trade, by purchasing raw goods and refining them for re-export, such as in the wafer fabrication industry and oil refining. Singapore also has a strategic port which makes it more competitive than many of its neighbours to carry out such entrepot activities. The Port of Singapore is the busiest in the world, surpassing Rotterdam and Hong Kong. In addition, Singapore's port infrastructure and skilled workforce, which is due to the success of the country's education policy in producing skilled workers, is also fundamental in this aspect as they provide easier access to markets for both importing and exporting, and also provide the skill(s) needed to refine imports into exports.
Year Total trade Imports Exports % Change
2000 $273 $135 $138 21%
2001 -9.4%
2002 $432 1.5%
2003 $516 $237 $279 9.6%
2004 $629 $293 $336 21.9%
2005 $716 $333 $383 14%
2006 $810 $379 $431 13.2%
Year Singapore Dollars per US$1
1981 2.0530
1985 2.1213
1990 1.7275
1995 1.4148
2000 1.7361
2005 1.6738
2008 (April) 1.3643
2009 (March) 1.5123
click here ( it will help for understanding)
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLbxBpPsrld71St0rbdRedjL8MgYAyn5XB2ZjxnecbRKwZkJRJ3npTY1kN4V8RYSP8bK-i2uSzNCqftT05Nt75Tes_LL47Jf8plz6RYMMHNc9jTJHuq-XHwdP4UVLajwNIopXuhP97UQg/s1600-h/FinancialFlows-05-gic-temasek.png
Wednesday 30 September 2009
Change this fucking tables!!!
I'm so sorry for bad words in my blogg but now i'm sitting in my room and try to study therefore i use this words. Try to imagine the room for 3 person. One - Chinese, second - Iranian ( he always cough and seems that he will die a soon) third - i. I have to learn economics ( expansion, contraction, shift and so on) How can i study when "fucking" study TABLE smaller then I???!!! I haven't got any place to study!!! My back is curved, elbow is resting on the iron... Oh... Okay, if i would go to the study room? I'll come in and what can i see and hear?? crowded place where music plays in different loptops, a lot of voices and laughing! kill me...
Saturday 26 September 2009
reasons for a rise in the price of cocaine.
Since 2009 MNF of Columbia detained 14 submarines with coca and destroyed hundreds laboratories which were used for manufacturing drugs. Since 1993 MNF of Columbia detained 47 submarines when they were suppling cocaine and destroyed thousands ha with cocaine. In 2000 USA gave 5 bil $ for destruction drug barons and there business.
The reasons for high prices is obviously:
1.Destruction drug barons ---> difficult to transport drugs from Columbia---> high demand for drugs and low supply-----> free market prices = HIGH prices for drugs.
The reasons for high prices is obviously:
1.Destruction drug barons ---> difficult to transport drugs from Columbia---> high demand for drugs and low supply-----> free market prices = HIGH prices for drugs.
Monday 21 September 2009
oXoXo Breaking NEWS
A CBI report suggests students should pay more interest on loans and higher tuition fees, sparking anger from their union...
and what the reason? Now i'll show the topic from another link and It's the KEY. All we know that education in UK become more cheaper because the rate gone down.
The pound has fallen against the euro and the dollar after a warning that UK public debt levels may not be sustainable.
after that UK government decide to raise up prices on education....=(
Sunday 20 September 2009
reduce thr national debt
Reduce the national debt. The Organisation and Development estimates says that national UK will rise to 14% in 2010 and it's the highest in the West. The main hit will touch goverment bonds,pensions and saving suffer.While government raises taxes and makes big cuts in public spending,inflation growing up. Politician believe that the next priority must be reduce the national deficit.
Thursday 17 September 2009
recession in the football
When the club REAL MADRID bought fooball players for which of them more then 40-80 pounds and it's one of the reason of recession. Clubs borrowes a lot of money from sponsorships and banks.... all clubs rise prices for the tickets, t-shirts,food and players. I haven't enouhg time to write more....
Wednesday 16 September 2009
"UK become a country of hustlers?"
Well. My dictionary says that "hustlers"- prostitution...funny isn't it? and another meaning "an enterprising and often dishonest person, esp. one trying to sell something." Which of this two allegations is more clear?...
In our days very difficult to earn money and a lot of people, businessmanes specially government try to find different ways of earning money. But "earning" doesn't mean legal. Legal earning is the most difficult way. And "dishonest" use "black schemes"- who knows what it's mean? Yes children it is illegal ie we cross the law. For example : when product comes from abroad and company must pay taxes,nds..etc there are a lot of rules and exceptions which i don't know.. (yes Chris it's my fall..) When the state has small means they become make " discounts " or "exceptions" for private companies or aliens for revenue MONEY! MONEY! MONEY! all society concerned by this "paper"... If the government will be doing BIG promotions ... whole economy goes to the dark gap... and it is values "become a country of hustlers"
Tuesday 15 September 2009
Monday 14 September 2009
HOMEWORK economics
My Lovely HomeWork.
"The Netherlands typifies a European fear that any big fiscal stimulus might just benefit others..."
When crisis hit on our Earth, all goverments,politicians and summit thinking about how to solve this terrible problem. "Clever" people wearing expensive clothers, on their hands are beutifuly shinining Rolex, Breitlings for each more than 15.000-50.000 pounds, near their tables we can see Montblancs and pens parker (about expensive suits i don't know) Different politicians came to the summit ( i dont want to remember about their cars^-^) to solve the problem which tought all people,cities,countries ( we think, i mean, simple people think, that they will solve it. As for me, some of them bark to each other, some of them drink English tea, and some of them try to sleep puting on there faces porn magazines) What am i talking about? Oh. yes. Summit.
On this party, we can hear a lot of interesting things, for example: "arguments rage about the right way to beat the crisis thought FISCAL policy" One fat man in a beatifull suit stands up, from his pockets protrude big piles of English Queen and he said " I am concerned about that Americans' plans could trigger 'hyperinflation'?"
After their talk they spend time about a PIFFLING 5billion euro infrasrtucture fund proposed month earlier by the European Commission. After that there were a lot of arguments about : rising unemployment and corresponding rise in welfare bills, falling tax receipts, soaring deficits and public debt.
On the end of this GLAMOUR party they was distributed by pink hate and blue eyes. Evrika! They came to general decission. And they chose fiscal policy. This is the best and right way.
Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and tax revenue collection to influence the economy.Fiscal policy can be contrasted with the other main type of economic policy, monetary policy, which attempts to stabilize the economy by controlling interest rates and the supply of money. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are government spending and taxation. Changes in the level and composition of taxation and government spending can impact on the following variables in the economy:
"The Netherlands typifies a European fear that any big fiscal stimulus might just benefit others..."
When crisis hit on our Earth, all goverments,politicians and summit thinking about how to solve this terrible problem. "Clever" people wearing expensive clothers, on their hands are beutifuly shinining Rolex, Breitlings for each more than 15.000-50.000 pounds, near their tables we can see Montblancs and pens parker (about expensive suits i don't know) Different politicians came to the summit ( i dont want to remember about their cars^-^) to solve the problem which tought all people,cities,countries ( we think, i mean, simple people think, that they will solve it. As for me, some of them bark to each other, some of them drink English tea, and some of them try to sleep puting on there faces porn magazines) What am i talking about? Oh. yes. Summit.
On this party, we can hear a lot of interesting things, for example: "arguments rage about the right way to beat the crisis thought FISCAL policy" One fat man in a beatifull suit stands up, from his pockets protrude big piles of English Queen and he said " I am concerned about that Americans' plans could trigger 'hyperinflation'?"
After their talk they spend time about a PIFFLING 5billion euro infrasrtucture fund proposed month earlier by the European Commission. After that there were a lot of arguments about : rising unemployment and corresponding rise in welfare bills, falling tax receipts, soaring deficits and public debt.
On the end of this GLAMOUR party they was distributed by pink hate and blue eyes. Evrika! They came to general decission. And they chose fiscal policy. This is the best and right way.
Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and tax revenue collection to influence the economy.Fiscal policy can be contrasted with the other main type of economic policy, monetary policy, which attempts to stabilize the economy by controlling interest rates and the supply of money. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are government spending and taxation. Changes in the level and composition of taxation and government spending can impact on the following variables in the economy:
Sunday 13 September 2009
unknown words 2
jeopardise,Whoever,wield,admission,regardless,hasty,ridiculed,avoid,defy,vow,issue,Labour,frankly,sensibly,
,prospects, restore,credibility,revert,stubborn,denial,obvious,fiscal,forfeit,whatever,re-election,beyond,sensationalised ,headlines, imminent ,bankruptcy,pitfalls,coherent,
unknown words (to Chris)
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/bank-holds-rates-at-record-low-1784780.html
boost, rate, monetory, pump, amid, encouraging, recovering, output, stock, reaching, governer, stunned,proposal,fiscal,outvoted,amid,reluctance,spluttered,halt,drastic,raft,recent,dampened, hailed,sustained,recovery,row,annual,declining,eased,approach.
Saturday 12 September 2009
ECONOMICS "How useful is knowledge of elasticity for a business?"
Lets imagine that I'm businessman. What I have to know about Market? Demand and Supply? And elasticity will play the major role in this situation as It helps to understand whether my product will be demanded by consumers and will be competitive; also by knowing elasticity I'm as a businessman will be able to increase or reduce prices. However, elasticity is just an approximate measure and might not give an accurate picture of the situation.
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